Polio

Definition

Polio is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis. The medical name for polio is poliomyelitis.

Alternative Names

Poliomyelitis; Infantile paralysis; Post-polio syndrome

Causes

Polio is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by:

  • Direct person-to-person contact
  • Contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth
  • Contact with infected feces

The virus enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing symptoms of disease (incubation) ranges from 5 to 35 days (average 7 to 14 days). Most people do not develop symptoms.

Risks factors include:

  • Lack of immunization against polio
  • Travel to an area that has had a polio outbreak

As a result of a global vaccination campaign over the past 25 years, polio has largely been eliminated. The disease still exists in some countries (such as Pakistan and Afghanistan), with outbreaks occurring in groups of people who have not been vaccinated. For an updated list of these countries, visit the website: www.polioeradication.org.

Symptoms

There are four basic patterns of polio infection:

  • Inapparent infection
  • Abortive disease
  • Nonparalytic
  • Paralytic

INAPPARENT INFECTION

Most people infected with poliovirus have inapparent infections. They usually do not have symptoms. The only way to know if someone has the infection is by performing a blood test or other tests to find the virus in the stool or throat.

ABORTIVE DISEASE

People who have abortive disease develop symptoms about 1 to 2 weeks after getting infected with the virus. Symptoms may include:

  • Fever for 2 to 3 days
  • General discomfort or uneasiness (malaise)
  • Headache
  • Sore throat
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Belly pain

These symptoms last up to 5 days and people recover completely. They have no signs of nervous system problems.

NONPARALYTIC POLIO

People with this form of polio have signs of abortive polio and their symptoms are more intense. Other symptoms may include:

  • Stiff and sore muscles at the back of the neck, trunk, arms, and legs
  • Urinary problems and constipation
  • Changes in muscle reaction (reflexes) as the disease progresses

PARALYTIC POLIO

This form of polio develops in a small percentage of people who are infected with the polio virus. Symptoms include those of abortive and nonparalytic polio. Other symptoms may include:

  • Muscle weakness, paralysis, loss of muscle tissue
  • Breathing that is weak
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Drooling
  • Hoarse voice
  • Severe constipation and urinary problems

Exams and Tests

During a physical examination, your health care provider may find:

  • Abnormal reflexes
  • Back stiffness
  • Difficulty lifting your head or legs when lying flat on your back
  • Stiff neck
  • Trouble bending your neck

Tests that may be done include:

  • Cultures of throat washings, stools, or spinal fluid
  • Spinal tap and examination of the spinal fluid (CSF examination) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • Test for levels of antibodies to the polio virus

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to control symptoms while the infection runs its course. There is no specific treatment for this infection.

People with severe cases may need lifesaving measures, such as help with breathing.

Symptoms are treated based on how severe they are. Treatment may include:

  • Antibiotics for urinary tract infections
  • Moist heat (heating pads, warm towels) to reduce muscle pain and spasms
  • Painkillers to reduce headache, muscle pain, and spasms (narcotics are not usually given because they increase the risk of breathing trouble)
  • Physical therapy, braces or corrective shoes, or orthopedic surgery to help recover muscle strength and function

Outlook (Prognosis)

The outlook depends on the form of the disease and the body area affected. Most of the time, complete recovery is likely if the spinal cord and brain are not involved.

Brain or spinal cord involvement is a medical emergency that may result in paralysis or death (usually from breathing problems).

Disability is more common than death. Infection that is located high in the spinal cord or in the brain increases the risk of breathing problems.

Possible Complications

Health problems that may result from polio include:

Post-polio syndrome is a complication that develops in some people, usually 30 or more years after they are first infected. Muscles that were already weak may get weaker. Weakness may also develop in muscles that were not affected before.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if:

  • Someone close to you has developed poliomyelitis and you haven't been vaccinated.
  • You develop symptoms of poliomyelitis.
  • Your child's polio immunization (vaccine) is not up to date.

Prevention

Polio immunization (vaccine) prevents poliomyelitis in most people (over 90% effective).

References

Jorgensen S, Lau M, Arnold WD. Motor neuron diseases. In: Cifu DX, ed. Braddom's Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 40.

Romero JR. Poliovirus. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 171.

Simões EAF. Polioviruses. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 276.

Related Links

Review Date: 8/26/2023
Reviewed By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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